Carbon Neutral Event Attempt for India Book of Record Location: Balikuti Village, Langaleshwar, Balasore District, Odisha. Organized by Saswat S. Panda, Entrepreneurs and Engineers group of Odisha (Odisha Solar Alliance) Date: 26 November 2019 Contact Number: +91-9897780844 Email: [email protected] Website: http://pandasolar.weebly.com/green-marriage.html INTRODUCTION & UNITED NATIONS As per United Nations Climate Neutral Now website, we are integrating sustainable practices and renewable energy technologies for carbon neutrality in a marriage reception. “Climate Neutral Now is an initiative launched by UN Climate Change in 2015 to encourage everyone in society to take action to help achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century, as enshrined in the Paris Agreement. To avoid the worst effects of climate change, science tells us that we must limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which is also the central goal of the Paris Agreement. To achieve this objective, relying solely on governmental action will not be sufficient. We all have a role to play.” We have already reached 1.1 degrees Celsius of global warming. We could reach 1.5 by 2030. We need urgent action!” Carbon Neutral Event Events are an integral part of human life: we gather to connect with each other, to celebrate achievements or to share ideas. Similarly, to any other human activity, events entail a significant climate footprint. Organizers can achieve the carbon neutrality of their event(s) by following these three simple steps: a.Measure the event's greenhouse gas emissions b.Reduce these emissions as much as possible by taking adequate measures, c.Compensate the emissions that are unavoidable, by using United Nations Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). Event Summary The marriage function is a four-day event organized at Balasore, Odisha. The groom is Saswat Sourav Panda, who is a solar industry professional with infrastructure, energy management and engineering degree. The groom side residence and the reception is planned to be 100% carbon neutral or near carbon neutral. Location is at Balasore Odisha. Green House Gas Emissions The marriage reception event is planned to be carbon neutral. For the event to be carbon neutral we have divided the marriage reception event on 26 Nov 2019 carbon emission sources as per the following As per UN guidelines, we have kept community, environment and economics as priority in the marriage reception. The socio economic benefits are as follows. Environmental co-benefits include:
We are not using coal power or diesel generator. We are using bio energy based fire wood and solar electricity compatible induction cooking system for cooking.
Food waste from the reception and the four days of event will be put into composting pit for manure making.
Spare Solar Water pump will be used at a few farm for irrigation and for house construction of any needs person.
Social co-benefits include:
With direct ways (physical presence at event) and indirect ways (mount to mount publicity & mass media) we will reach to more than tens of thousands of citizens creating awareness. Our Odisha Solar Alliance members will be putting up stalls and will be deploying volunteers to ensure all the guests of marriage get educated about solar applications. The event will be aired by the nation radio channel, Akashvani which is still the largest mass media communication system of India. Guest Lectures will be delivered to the students and faculties of an engineering collage.
Villagers will be demonstrated on how to use snake repellants and avoid mosquito larva growth. The guests will be given a basic safety & preventive maintenance on electrical appliances, solar and lead acid battery.
Odisha economy is dependent on tourism. By arranging a national level solar event at Odisha, we are inviting all our family, friends and guests from across the country which helps in promotion of our state as a tourist destination and possibility of carbon neutral events venue. Also, this event is a gathering of the solar community of Odisha to formulate the Odisha Solar Alliance. Economic co-benefits include:
Solar panels of 7 kWp will be used to charge lead acid and lithium ion batteries. Solar lights of various sizes will be used for additional lighting. Solar Pump will be used for water pumping. Solar cooker increases our energy access for cooking. We will also model the event and location for carbon neutral events of individuals, corporate and government.
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With the Indian government planning to organize an increasing number of reverse auctions for wind energy projects, several states are rethinking whether to continue with the feed-in tariffs at all.
Karnataka has become the latest state to ask its power utilities not to sign any new power purchase agreements with wind energy developers at feed-in tariffs. Regulatory bodies in Indian state have asked power utilities to procure wind energy only up to the renewable purchase obligation targets and no more. The Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission had set the feed-in tariff for wind energy projects as Rs 4.50/kWh (7.0¢/kWh) until October 2018. However, the recent auction conducted by the central government saw developers willing to pay as low as Rs 3.46/kWh (5.4¢/kWh). According to media reports, the commission believes a tariff of Rs 3.61/kWh (5.6¢/kWh) is more acceptable. States of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh have declined to sign any fresh power purchase agreements with wind energy project developers. The power distribution companies in these states have expressed reluctance to the respective regulatory bodies in signing PPAs at feed-in tariffs higher than the recently discovered tariffs. Four companies – Mytrah Energy, Green Infra (owned by Sembcorp), Inox Wind and Ostro Energy were awarded 250 megawatts capacity each while Adani Green Energy secured rights to develop 50 megawatts capacity. India plans to have an installed wind energy capacity of 60 gigawatts by March 2022, while the current installed capacity is just over 32 gigawatts. To achieve that target, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy will auction five to six gigawatts of capacity every year. One gigawatt of capacity has already been auctioned, and the Ministry is expected to put on the block an additional four gigawatts of capacity by March 2018. LG Electronics has its origin in Korea and it is headquartered in Seoul and it is a known leader in the manufacturing of electronics, telecommunication and operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG display, LG Uplus and LG Chem in over 80 countries. LG is known as a global leader in the mobile communication, Home Entertainment, Home Appliance, Air Conditioning and Energy Solutions. When it comes to solar energy, LG launched its solar power business with the aim of moving towards its sustainability goals. One of LG’s sustainability goals is to reduce greenhouse gases in product usage by 30 million tons yearly or 150,000 tons by the year 2020. LG as a Solar Panels Manufacturer LG claims to have one of the best solar panels in the market and have created remarkable solar durable, high efficiency and reliable solar panels. LG claim to put quality assurance to priority and their solar panels undergo one of the best up to date technologically advanced solar panel manufacturing processes that are available today. After the LG solar panels are made, LG claims to use Rheinland and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) testing methods to test their solar panels for the following parameters: Mechanical load Test: This test for how strong is an LG solar module or how they can withstand adverse conditions such as wind, snow, and ice. Hail Test: The solar modules are tested to check for how LG solar panels can withstand Hailstones. Module breakage test: LG solar modules are tested against stone chips and they check the module for how their resistance against stones or other objects that can hit the surface. LG solar panels come with a 25-year linear warranty and their performance warranty guarantees at least 83.6% power output by the end of the 25th year. LG solar panels have about eight (8) models as captured below: 1.LGNeON R 2.LGNeON 2 ACe 3.LGNeON 2 4.LGNeON 2 Black 5.LGNeON 2 72cell 6.LG Mono X Plus 7.LG Mono X Plus 72cell 8.LG Mono X 72cell The solar panel efficiency of LG solar panels has an efficiency range of between 16.0% and 20.9%. LG solar panels review for the above specific cells are captured in this article. LG Solar Panels Review There are lots of great solar panels on the market today, and reading an LG solar panels review might help customers make informed decisions about some of the solar panels that they might be considering. The right solar panel for them will vary on the basis of the solar panel size and solar panel weight. Using a solar system calculator might help people start to make the right decision. However, there are lots of great LG solar panels that customers might want to research in order to make the best possible choice for their needs. LG solar panels already have a lot in common. They will have more in common with each other than they will with the other solar panels on the market. However, LG solar panel models still have a lot of specific characteristics in common and a certain number of characteristics that are different. They will vary in the number of cells that they have. They will vary in terms of their average power output. Some of them are going to be tougher and more durable than others. Many of them will fit certain houses but not others. Some of the solar panels were designed with aesthetics in mind. LG NeON R With the LG NeON R, customers can expect a lot of power in a small package. It’s a good choice for the people with relatively small homes. This specific model will offer people an output of 355 W to 365 W and doesn’t require many solar panels to meet the energy requirements of many households. There are sixty different solar cells on a panel like this. Because the output of the LG NeON R is so high, it is possible for people to get a lot of energy out of it in spite of the fact that it is a very compact solar panel. Customers can partly expect a better performance from the LG NeON R because its cells are almost free of boron. LG NeON R panels are capable of making the most of sunny days. The LG NeON R should be remarkably durable as a result of the strongly reinforced frame design. It can withstand 5400 Pa in the back and 6000 Pa in the front. Customers can use the LG NeON R for years (about 25 years), getting a great deal of power in the process as they use the LG NeON R on their homes. LG NeON 2 ACe The LG NeON 2 ACe really stands out when it comes to its ease of use and the fact that it is relatively low-maintenance. One of the great things about the LG NeON 2 ACe is that it is even safer to use than a good portion of the other similar solar panels on the market today. It's AC voltage has been created in a perfectly safe manner. Installing the LG NeON 2 ACe should be relatively easy since it’s a matter of raising the inverter and setting the cable into place. Customers will be able to use monitoring software for the LG NeON 2 ACe. As long as a given device is connected to the Internet, they will be able to use the device in order to keep track of what is going on with their LG NeON 2 ACe solar panels. As such, the rate of accidents will be lowered with the LG NeON 2 ACe. LG NeON 2 The LG NeON 2 is also a very efficient solar panel that has been created for aesthetics. From a distance, the LG NeON 2 looks great because the wires are really thin. As a result, it generally has a look that a lot of people will prefer. People can get between 305 and 335 W with the LG NeON 2. The power output for the LG NeON 2 manages to be higher than many people would expect, given its fairly small space. A lot of customers will benefit from the fact that the LG NeON 2 has a double-sided solar cell structure. The back of the solar cell is just as capable of participating in the solar power generation as the front of the solar cell, which is very much a variety in this industry. This is due to the light beam reflecting off of the module’s rear and getting absorbed again. As such, it is that much easier for the LG NeON 2 to use all of the available sunlight in the area that much more effectively. LG NeON 2 Black The LG NeON 2 Black is a solar panel that will really deliver and that is not going to ask for a lot in return. The power output for the LG NeON 2 Black ranges from 305 W to 320 W, depending on the exact LG solar panel model that people are going to choose when it comes right down to it. It’s even more efficient than some of the other LG solar panels, and it is certainly a solar panel that people are going to be able to use effectively in a tight enough space. It has a better temperature co efficiency than many other solar panels on the market, and the LG NeON 2 Black should be able to supply the needs of many different households. The highly modern design of the LG NeON 2 Black should appeal to a wide range of different customers, who will appreciate the fact that the LG NeON 2 Black should only benefit their property values without any of the other negative consequences that might be associated with changes like this. LG NeON 2 72cell The LG NeON 2 72cell is tough and it has one of the highest power output ranges that people will find in the LG solar panel line today. With 72 cells, this is a solar panel that is going to be too big for some households. For other households, the LG NeON 2 72cell will be perfect. The fact that the LG NeON 2 72cell is capable of generating a lot of power in one instance should make it even better. This solar panel will generate between 365 W and 400 W, depending on the exact LG NeON 2 72cell model that people are going to get. Even compared with a good portion of the other LG solar panel models, the LG NeON 2 72cell manages to perform excellently when it comes to the sheer production of solar power. It also benefits from the double-sided cell structure that has give the LG solar models a truly unique and effective design. With a front load of 5400 Pa and a back load of 4300 Pa, it might not be the strongest of the LG solar panel models, but it should still be strong enough to meet the needs of the majority of people using the LG NeON 2 72cell today. The 21.7 kg weight is not overly heavy for a good portion of solar systems. The LG NeON 2 72cell should ultimately be able to accommodate many different customers today. LG Mono X Plus The LG Mono X Plus is very small, and that should make it easier for a lot of people to use and to install. It weighs in at only around 18 kg, making the LG Mono X Plus one of the smallest and lightest of the LG solar panel models currently on the market. Given the quality of the grips, a lot of people are going to have a really easy time when it comes to installing the LG Mono X Plus. The LG Mono X Plus should stay in place even longer as a result as well. The LG Mono X Plus also has the advantage of being really compact, in that all of the different LG Mono X Plus models will have only sixty solar cells each. The LG Mono X Plus might not be the most efficient of the LG solar panel models, but it should still offer enough to a good portion of the solar customers out there today. People can expect 275 to 300 W of power output with the LG Mono X Plus. Light induced degradation can be a problem with a wide range of different solar panels, and the LG Mono X Plus has been created in a way that is going to cut down on that problem specifically. The LG Mono X Plus was designed to control the oxygen and boron reaction. As such, people are going to have an easier time when it comes to actually being able to really get what they need to out of the LG Mono X Plus. It should last for a longer period of time, and it will give people a much better performance in the meantime. LG Mono X Plus 72cell There are two different models for the LG Mono X Plus 72cell, and they offer between 355 W and 360 W. At 21.3 kg, the LG Mono X Plus 72cell also has the advantage of being one of the lightest LG solar panel models in the lineup at present. People will be able to get a lot of mileage out of the light and efficient LG Mono X Plus 72cell. Light induced degradation is going to be less of a problem with the LG Mono X Plus 72cell as well, making it that much easier for people to be able to keep the LG Mono X Plus 72cell for years. They will be able to get a lot out of the LG Mono X Plus 72cell, which should perform at a high efficiency for a long period of time. It has a back load capacity of 4300 Pa and a front load capacity of 5400 Pa, making it just as good as many of the other LG models that are now available. However, an LG solar panels review determines the LG Mono X Plus 72cell might be better than some models in a lot of other respects. LG Mono X 72cell LG solar panels review for the model – Mono X 72cell explains the power output, solar panel weight, and warranty. The LG Mono X 72cell offers a power output of 335 W to 340 W. The fact that the LG Mono X 72cell offers reduced light induced degradation should only make it that much easier for people to be able to get the output that they want from this device. The LG Mono X 72cell is not the lightest of all of the LG solar panel models at 45 pounds, but it is still one of the lightest. It is designed to ensure convenience when it comes to installation. The LG Mono X 72cell should last people for a long time (about 25 years), and it will deliver a powerful performance on a fairly consistent level. Overview There are LG solar panel models that have a higher power output than others. Many of them will also be better in terms of safety than some of their competitors. Some of them will avoid degrading for a long period of time. However, people can at least be sure that all of the different LG solar panel models are still just as good as the other LG solar panel models in the product lineup. Let's Discuss & see some bright side of this.
Solar panel monitoring is important. It is vital that solar panels are monitored regularly in one way or another. You need to make sure they are operating correctly and the system is generating as much as predicted. If you have solar panels installed, you should at the very least check the generation meter once a week and take a note of the reading. This discussion will put light on solar panel monitoring systems, give a couple of cautionary stories about monitoring*and *go through the benefit of monitoring. Introduction to Solar panel monitoring There are many potential ways of monitoring solar panels. There are high tech solutions which upload data continuously to a web portal which allows you to monitor your systems performance from anywhere in the world and there are simple methods like manually noting down the reading on your generation meter once a week in a log book. Broadly speaking you can classify the monitoring of solar panel systems into the following groups: i) Internet monitoring systems ii) Home energy monitoring systems iii) Manual recording Internet and Home energy monitoring can also be split into three groups: a)Inverter monitoring systems b)Generation meter monitoring system c)Retro fit systems And just to keep things simple there are two type of sub-category: Generation only monitors - just measuring the electrical energy output from the solar panels Generation and consumption monitors - measuring electrical energy output from the solar panels and energy consumption of the property Consumption only monitors - measuring the electrical energy consumption of the property in questions Sometimes more than one method is used – in fact, even with the simplest of systems you will at the very least have a reading from your generation meter and your inverter. Note: Please bear in mind that the official reading that you need to provide your electricity supplier with is always your Generation Meter reading. Two quick cautionary tales Tale 1: By a Solar Professional A few months back, in the late summer, I visited a lady who had had a solar panel system installed by another installer a few years earlier. The installer had gone out of business and she was looking for a reliable local installer to help her. She had tried to give a feed-in tariff reading to her electricity supplier and they had told her that the reading was exactly the same as the previous quarter. The solar panel systems switch had been tripped in the consumer unit and the system had been off for over 3 months. She had missed out on three of the most productive months of the year where she would have lost out on 1000’s in savings and feed-in tariff payments. We repaired the system and supplied an attractive table-top energy monitor that was put on the kitchen counter so that she could easily keep an eye on the systems performance day to day. Tale 2 By a Professional in Data Monitoring A couple of winters ago I got a call from a gentleman who had just completed his first year of solar generation. The panels had not generated anything like the ammount of energy he was expecting them to - again, sadly, the solar comany that had carried out the installation was no longer around to help. On close inspection of the inverter it became apparent that half of the solar panels had not been plugged into the inverter correctly(!). Again, if the end user had some easy way of monitoring solar production and had some rough idea of likely generation this problem could have been solved much earlier. Benefits of monitoring your solar panel system You can always check the inverter or generation meter so why install a monitoring system? Well if your inverter, or more likely, your generation meter is easy to access then great, but you do need to make sure you get into the habit of checking this regularly and noting down the readings. With modern live-feed monitoring systems you know that you can see accurately what's going on on your system. Benefits include: 1) You know your solar panel system is operating correctly. 2) You know that your system is on target to reach its annual yield target. 3) You can track your return on investment and payback periods. 4) You can analyse the data and compare previous days, month and years. 5) You know how much energy you are generating so you know it is a good time to switch on a washing machine or dishwasher – or switch something off. 6) You know whether or not it is worth investing in a solar immersion controller or a solar battery system because you know how much energy you are exporting to the grid. 7) With an internet enabled system your installer or manufacturer can view the systems performance remotely and carry out remote diagnosis and troubleshooting if there are any issues with the system. Types of solar panel monitoring system Online monitoring systems- Most modern inverters now come either wifi enabled or with wifi or network kits so that the inverters can be connected to the internet. There are also systems that are inverter independent that integrate with your generation meter and upload the performance data to a web portal. These are great if your inverter choice does not have the ability to connect to a network. These are normally used for new installations as they are designed to operate with a specific generation meter and although generation meters can be changed it does require some paperwork and a bit of faff. These are very good because they are very accurate, have the same official readings as the generation meter and they don’t require current clamps – however they do need to be installed by a qualified installer. There are also retro-fit systems – these are normally current clamp systems where clamps sit around the incoming supply into the property and the output from the solar pv system. These are great if you already have an existing solar pv system that may be a few years old. However they can be a bit fiddley and current clamps have to put on in exactly the right location and the right way around in order to work properly. All of the three above types, the inverter web monitoring the generation meter web monitoring and the retro-fit web monitoring can be found in two categories: systems that monitor generation only and systems that monitor generation and consumption. Useful solar panel monitoring links Below are a some useful links relating to the monitoring of solar panel systems. Each of the manufacturer show public and example sites so you can test out their monitoring portals. Solar Edge's monitoring site - https://monitoring.solaredge.com/ SMA's monitoring site - https://www.sunnyportal.com/ Enphase's solar monitoring site - https://enlighten.enphaseenergy.com/ Blackouts, brownouts raise the stakes for finding alternate energy sources. Here's what you can do.
One of the difficulties that solar and renewable energy have faced in the past is that it requires people to learn about it.?People are busy and they are also reluctant to change and learn. It is much easier to get energy from traditional sources that seem to "magically" transfer power and electricity to homes through the wires of the electricity grid. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of problems with this entrenched attitude. We seem to hear almost daily about power blackouts and brownouts, along with warnings about dwindling energy supplies. Today in this article i will discuss some basic problem that Indian solar industry is facing. i.e POWER LOSS IN DC CABLES. The 100GW Solar vision by 2022 is been aided by the rapidly falling cost & the COP21 agreement. The solar sector in India is in boom due to this agreement and govt. Aids in past back few years. By the end of 2016 India is expected to cover up around 6GW apparently. If such pace continued the further upcoming years will be bound by accelerated new boundaries. Now coming to the theme of this article. “DC CABLES”. DC cable designing & examine didn’t receive any sort of attention since a few times back. As per few analysis report many solar projects are suffering from legit designing of dc cables. To add this point poor selection is another factor. Poor quality issues are further exacerbated by the extremely modulated & fragmented nature of the solar industry. There are no entry barriers and multiple business models are bound unlike in other energy or industrial sectors. The entry of first time project developers, small investors and/or consumers interested in self generation. raises the challenge of educating the market and ensuring high performance standards in a rapidly evolving market. CHART OF DC CABLES & EPC We Use 2types of Dc cables in solar projects 1.Dc Main 2. String Dc String Dc Cable String cables are used to interconnect solar modules and to connect modules with string combiner boxes or array combiner boxes.whereas the cables required to interconnect strings and to connect with combiner boxes are procured separately. String DC cables carry current of only around 10 Ampere. Main DC Cable Main Dc cables are used to connect array combiner boxes with inverters. These cables carry higher current of around 200-600 A in General utility scale basis. Problems with Dc Cables Power Loss is the main issue in case of DC cables. The power loss is nothing but the IR drop or commonly known as copper loss. The Power loss happens Sometimes these losses can be around 15% which is huge if we will consider a MW plant. And such huge drop is hazardous and cann cause fire accidents due to heating up issues. Precautions 1.Using Larger size cables The larger the cable the less the voltage drop due to increase in are of cross section In string DC cable Voltage drop can be reduced by58% In Dc main Voltage drp can be reduced by 75%. These numbers & figures are really very much convincing. 2.Reducing Cable Length Reducing the Dc string cable length can reduce the %of IR drop by 33% Reducing the DC main cable length can reduce the IR drop by 50% 3.Using Larger cross Section Cable Increasing the cross sectional areas may lead to decrease in 50% less power loss in Dc string. Increase in the cross section of a Dc main lead to decrease in 75% less power loss. This is possible due to the rule resistance(R) is inversely proportional to the Area of cross section(A) 4.Increasing Operating volatge Voltage drops can be reduced if we increase the operating voltage. Before few years the maximum Dc voltage transmission was around 600v. But now it has increased to 1000v by reducing the loss to 40%. India is planning to reduce this to further by increasing the operating 1500v by reducing the loss by 1/3rd times more. Leading Players In Dc cable Manufacturing Havells Apar Industries Finolex Gupta power PolyCab Conclusion The sun is a powerful source that can help our planet by giving us clean, reusable energy to power our world. The use of this energy is free, does not create pollution, and if used wisely can help us become less dependent on other more costly and damaging forms of power. So lets consider this above points and make the most use of it. Lets get the most efficient way to harvest this clean & Green energy. From 2013 to 2020, experts predict a 3.7 fold increase in the demand of lithium-ion batteries. This growing dependency on batteries requires advancements in diagnostics to observe capacity loss to maintain reliability as the capacity declines, identify anomalies to prevent catastrophic failures, and predict the end of battery life when the battery fades to a set capacity threshold.
A battery resembles a living organism that cannot be measured, only estimated to a varied degree of accuracy based on available symptoms. This simulates a doctor examining a patient by taking multiple tests and applying the law of elimination. Rapid-test methods for batteries have been lagging behind other technologies; complexity and uncertain results when testing outliers are the reasons for the delay. Cadex realizes the importance of battery diagnostics and has made notable advancements in rapid-test technologies. These developments form the building blocks for Diagnostic Battery Management (DBM), a new direction innovative companies are pursuing in the care and maintenance of batteries. Rather than inventing another new super battery, DBM is vital to assure reliability of current battery systems by monitoring capacity, the leading health indicator, along with other parameters. Capacity represents energy storage, internal resistance relates to current delivery, and self-discharge reflects mechanical integrity. All three properties must be met to qualify a battery. In addition to these static characteristics, a battery has different of state-of-charge (SoC), dynamic characteristics that effect battery performance and complicate rapid-testing. Well-developed battery test technologies must recognize all battery conditions and provide reliable results, even if the charge is low. This is a demanding request as a good battery that is only partially charged behaves in a similar way to a faded pack that is fully charged. Test methods range from taking a voltage reading, to measuring the internal resistance by a pulse or AC impedance method, to coulomb counting, and to taking a snapshot of the chemical battery with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Capacity estimations by deciphering the chemical battery are more complex than digital monitoring by coulomb counting. Digging into the chemical battery involves proprietary algorithms and matrices that function as lookup tables similar to letter or face recognition. Voltage and internal resistance do not correlate with capacity and fail to predict the end of battery life effectively, especially with Li-ion and lead acid systems. The truth lies in the chemical battery. A digital measurement alone is subject to failure because the chemical symptoms are not represented. Here are the most common battery test methods: Voltage - Battery voltage reflects state-of-charge in an open circuit condition when rested. Voltage alone cannot estimate battery state-of-health (SoH). Ohmic test - Measuring internal resistance identifies corrosion and mechanical defects when high. Although these anomalies indicate the end of battery life, they often do not correlate with low capacity. The ohmic test is also known as impedance test. Full cycleA full cycle consists of charge/discharge/charge to read the capacity of the chemical battery. This provides the most accurate readings and calibrates the smart battery to correct tracking errors, but the service is time consuming and causes stress. Rapid-test - Common test methods include time domain by activating the battery with pulses to observe ion-flow in Li-ion, and frequency domain by scanning a battery with multiple frequencies. Advanced rapid-test technologies require complex software with battery-specific parameters and matrices serving as lookup tables. BMS - Most Battery Management Systems estimate SoC by monitoring voltage, current and temperature. BMS for Li-ion also counts coulombs. Coulomb counting - The Full Charge Capacity (FCC) of a smart battery provides coulomb count that relates to SoH. FCC readout is instant but the data gets inaccurate with use and the battery requires calibration with a full cycle. Read-and-Charge - A charger featuring RAC technology reads battery SoC with a proprietary filtering algorithm and then counts the coulombs to fill the battery. RAC requires a onetime calibration for each battery model; cycling a good pack provides this parameter that is stored in the battery adapters. RAC technology is a Cadex development. SOLI - The State-of-Life-Indicator estimates battery life by counting the total coulombs a battery can deliver in its life. A new battery starts at 100%; delivered coulombs decrease the number until the allotment is spent and a battery replacement is imminent. The full scale is set by calculating the coulomb count of 1 cycle based on the manufacturer’s specifications (V, Ah) and then by multiplying the number with the given cycle count. Developed by Cadex, SOLI can be used in wheelchairs, medical devices, traction and UPS, installed when new or added as retrofit. Wireless connectivity provides fleet management. Reliable results are only possible when robust symptoms are present. This is not always possible, especially with unformatted lead acid batteries or packs that had been in storage. A good battery pulled form service generally provides solid symptoms with good accuracy; readings from a weak battery can be muddled with inconsistent results. Reliable measurements are impossible if the symptoms are vague or not present, which is the case if the battery has turned into a potato. This fools the system and the battery becomes an outlier. Well-developed rapid-test methods should correctly predict 9 batteries out of 10. EIS has the potential to advance further and surpass other technologies. Table 1 summarizes test procedures with the most common battery systems. Lead acid and Li-ion share communalities in keeping low resistance under normal condition. Exceptions are heat fail and mechanical faults that raise the internal resistance and a battery replacement ahead of time. Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride, and in part also the primary battery, reveal the end-of-life. Table 1: Battery test methods for common battery chemistries. Lead acid and Li-ion share communalities by keeping low resistance under normal condition; nickel-based and primary batteries reveal end-of-life by elevated internal resistance. At a charge efficiency of 99 percent, Li-ion is best suited for digital battery estimation. This helps in BMS design by enabling capacity estimation with coulomb counting. While the readings are instant, occasional calibration is needed to correct the tracking error that occurs with random battery usage. In comparison, nickel-based batteries have low charge efficiency and high self-discharge, deficiencies that would skew digital tracking. Under the right conditions and moderate temperature, lead acid batteries are reasonably efficient but not quite good enough to use coulomb counting effectively. Cold temperature reduces the efficiency of all batteries and affects rapid-testing. Although a battery may function below freezing, charge acceptance is reduced and charge times must be prolonged by lowering the current. Some chargers do this automatically; if not certain, do not charge Li-ion batteries below freezing. |
AuthorWE WERE YOUNG ENGINEERING GRADUATES FROM TIER-II AND TIER-III CITIES OF INDIA. WITH AN AMBITION TO MAKE A BRIGHT CAREER, WE CHOOSE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR AS A MEANS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SOCIETY WHILE SECURING A FUTURE. Archives
October 2019
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